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The inverter is one of the most important and complex components in a system of independent power. To choose an inverter, you need to know some basic functions, capabilities and limitations.
All types of off-grid solar electric systems have a common bond is that the battery storage, battery and releases energy in the form of direct current (DC) electricity
In contrast, the national power grid supplies alternating current (AC). AC is the standard formElectricity for all "cap" to the electricity grid. DC flows in one direction. AC changes its direction many times per second. CA for the network service used because it is more practical for long distance transmission.
An inverter converts direct current to alternating current, and also changes the voltage. In other words, there is a power outlet. It allows a system based batteries to run conventional appliances through conventional wiring. There are devices that use DC directly, but most ofmodern machines you will need an inverter.
There is another type of drive that we are not interested in this product grid-interactive inverter. These are used for solar energy (or other renewable) energy in a home grid-connected, and the excess energy into the national grid.
Not a simple device
Outside looks like a box with an inverter with one or two switches, but inside there is a small universe of dynamic activity. A modern inverter must cope with awide range of loads required for a single night light on the big wave to the well-pump, a device or heavy machinery. The battery voltage of a solar power system or wind power can vary up to 35 percent (with the office and other activities).
Through all of this is the inverter's task is to adjust the quality of their output within narrow limits, with minimal loss of power.
Define your needs
To choose an inverter, you first meet your needs. So you needlearn inverters that are available. inverter manufacturers to print everything you need to know their data sheets. Here is a list of factors to consider.
Operating Environment
When the inverter is used? The inverters are designed for use in buildings is available for campers, boats and portable applications. It will be connected to the network in any way? electrical safety standards and conventions for different applications, it is onlyimportant to check.
Standard Electric
The DC input voltage must correspond to the electrical system and battery. 12 Volt is no longer the dominant standard for home energy systems, 24 and 48 volts are common standards for the purchase. A system of higher voltage means less current, which makes the wiring of the system cheaper and easier.
The inverter AC output must conform to the conventional power plants in the region to run locally available equipment. The standard for power supplyCompanies in the UK is 230 volts at a frequency of 50 hertz (cycles per second).
Safety Certification: An inverter must be certified by an independent body and be labeled accordingly. This is your assurance that it will be safe, will conform to the manufacturer's specifications, and will be approved in an electrical control. There are several design and evaluation standards for various application environments, which vary from country to country.
Load
Asload much control inverter? Its performance is evaluated in watts (watts = volts x amps). There are three levels of benefits of continuous assessment, a provisional rating and an increase in assessment. Continuous means treating the amount of drive power for an indefinite period of hours as possible. If a drive refers to a certain wattage ratings, that number generally refers to continuous assessment.
The rating is a temporary increase in the number of watts for a defined period of gripTime, usually 10 or 20 minutes. The inverter specifications should define these assessments on the temperature (the ambient temperature). When the inverter gets too hot, it was turned off. This is faster in a warm environment. The third level of power, capacity for action is critical to their ability to start the engines and is discussed below.
Some inverters are designed to be connected or expanded in a modular way toIncrease their capacity. The most common scheme is to "stack" two inverters. A cable connects the two inverters to synchronize out as a unit.
Power Quality - Sine Wave versus Modified Sine "
Some inverters produce "clean" energy than others. In brief, "Sinus" is clean, everything else is dirty. Sine wave has a naturally smooth geometry, such as the trace of a pendulum swinging. E 'the ideal form of alternating current. The power supply generates energy in your breastsGenerators and usually delivered to the customer relatively free of distortions. A sine wave inverter can clean, stable power supply than most network connections.
How to clean a "sine" is? The manufacturer may make the words "pure" or "true" to a small degree of distortion. The facts contained in the specific inverter. Total harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 6 percent should satisfy normal use. Look for less than 3 percent if you have unusualcritical or sensitive electronics, as in a recording studio.
Additional product information is also important. RMS voltage regulation keeps your lights steady. Should be plus or minus 5 percent or less. Peak voltage (Vp) regulation should be plus or minus 10 percent or less.
A "modified sine wave inverter is less expensive, but it creates a distorted square waveform that is similar to the title of a pendulum back and forth struck by hammers. In truth, it is not a sine wave at all. The deceptiveTerm "modified sine wave" was invented by advertising. The engineers prefer to call it "square wave changed."
The 'modified sine wave "has negative effects on many electric utilities. This reduces the energy efficiency of motors and transformers from 10 to 20 percent. The energy waste caused by abnormal heat, which reduces the reliability and longevity of motors and transformers and other equipment, including some equipment and computers. The waveform choppy confused some time digitalDevices.
About 5 percent of household appliances simply do not work at all sinusoidal. A buzz from the speakers to be heard almost any audio device to be. An annoying sound is emitted by some fluorescent lamps, ceiling fans, and transformers. Some microwave ovens buzz or produce less heat. TVs and computers often show curved lines on the screen. Surge protection can overheat and should not be used.
Modified sine wave inverters were tolerated in 1980, butSince then, true sine wave inverters are more efficient and more accessible. Some people compromise by using a modified inverter, their greatest power tools or other occasional heavy loads, maintain and operate a small sine wave inverter their smaller, more frequent and sensitive loads. Modified inverter for renewable energy installations have begun fading into history.
Efficiency
It is not possible to power without having to convert some of them (as is the friction). The power supply islost as heat. Efficiency is the ratio of power from the power in, percentage. If efficiency is 90 percent, 10 percent of electricity is lost in the inverter. The efficiency of an inverter depends on the load. Typically, it is raised to about two thirds of the capacity of the inverter. This is its "maximum efficiency" mentioned. The inverter requires some power just to run itself, so that the efficiency of an inverter low when running very large loads small.
In aare typical, there are many hours of the day, when the electric load is very low. Under these conditions may be an inverter efficiency of about 50 per cent or less. The whole story is a chart of performance compared to the load, as told by the inverter manufacturer published. This is called the "Efficiency Curve." Read these curves. Some manufacturers cheat by the curve at 100 watts or so, not to zero!
Since the efficiency varies depending on the carrier does not assume that an inverter with 93percent efficiency is better than a 85 percent efficiency. When you can drive 85 percent effective, it is more efficient low-power goes to waste less energy through the course of a typical day.
Internal protection
An inverter is more sensitive components must be good surge from nearby lightning strikes and static protection, and surge, bounce back from the engines to overload. It shall be protected against overloads. Overloads can be caused by a faultA cable fault, or simply too much idle time.
An inverter must shut down several sensing circuits, can not function properly if the load. It 'also have to close if the DC supply voltage is too low because a low battery state-of-charge or other weakness in the supply line. This protects the battery from over-discharge damage, and protection of inverters and loads. These protection measures are all standard converters, thecertified for use in buildings.
Inductive loads and response capacity
Some loads absorb a wave of alternating current with a delay (such as towing a car with a rubber band). These are called inductive loads. The engines are the most inductive loads. They are found in well pumps, washing machines, refrigerators, power tools, etc. TV and microwave are also inductive loads. Such as engines, drawing a wave of energy when they start.
If an inverter can not supply an efficient inductiveFinally, you can just quit instead of using the equipment. If the response capacity inverter is marginal, its output voltage during the dip increases. This can cause a dimming of the lights in the house, and sometimes the crash of a computer.
Any weakness in the battery and wiring for the inverter further limit his ability to start a motor. A battery bank is undersized, in poor or corroded connections can be a weak link in the chain of power. The drive cable andthe cable connecting the battery must be great, and I mean really great, maybe the size of a large thumb! The apex of the DC current through these cables is many hundreds of amps at the time of the engine. Follow the instructions for the inverter cable size, or you will be cheating. coat the battery terminals with a protective layer to reduce corrosion.
Idle Power
Reactive power is the consumption of the inverter, if it's on, but no loads are running. It is the power "wasted"Are you the drive so many hours in which to expect very little load (as in most residential situations), which is as small as possible. Typical power factor ranges from 15 watts to 50 watts for a house-size inverter. An inverter inverter was able to describe the "rest current in amperes. To watts, multiply the amps times the only DC-voltage system.
low switching frequency vs high frequency switching
There are two ways to build an inverter.Without deep in theory, I just say that there are differences in weight, cost, peak capacity, reactive power, and noise.
A low switching frequency inverter is big and heavy (usually 10 kg per kW and more expensive. He needs the high peak capacity (fifty-six seven times the continuous power) to start large motors. Attention to the total noise and low switching frequency to make the 'inverter. If you install one near a living space, it can not be satisfied with the noise.
Ainverter with high switching frequency is much smaller and lighter (usually about 2.5 kg per kW and less expensive. It has less peak power, typically about twice the continuous power. produces little noise or not. The minimum is generally higher. If the drive oversized for motor starting, its reactive power is even higher, and may be prohibitive. Most of the houses, which is a well pump or other motors larger than 1 HP must have a low switching frequency inverters arebe more economical.
Both types of inverter have their virtues. Some people divide and conquer "by splitting the loads and two inverters. This adds a level of redundancy. If you do not always, the other can serve as a backup.
Automatic ON / OFF
Inverter no-load can be a significant burden on a small power system. Most inverters for home Power Systems have automatic load sensing. The inverter is a quick burst of energy every second (more or less). If youSwitch to an AC load, you feel the current and turns on itself. Manufacturers have different names for these functions, including "last call", "sleep mode", "Sleep," "Startup" and "standby".
Auto on / off can make life unpleasant, because a small load can cause the inverter switch or stay. For example, a washing machine break between cycles, with only the timer is running. The timer will not exceed 10 watts. The inverter turn-on "threshold" may be 10 or 15 watts.The inverter turns off and will not recover until it sees an additional load from other devices. You may need to leave a light on while running to the window.
Some people will not be able to adapt to such situations. Therefore, the inverters with automatic on / off and an always-on setting. It allows you and your low-power Night Lights, your watches, fax, voicemail and other small loads without interruption. In this case, a good system designer to add the drive is idlein the calculation of the load (24 hours). The cost of the network will be higher, but the expectations of the demands of modern life.
Phantom loads and loads of inactivity
Consumers are stuck with high-tech gadgets, the power consumption when connected Some of them use the power to do anything. One example is a television with remote control. His Eye electrical system is night and day, watching for the signal to the monitor. Any device with an external wall plugTransformer uses power even when the power is off. These demons called "phantom loads" because their consumption is not expected, invisible and easily forgotten.
A similar concern is "idling loads." These devices all the time needed to operate, if necessary. These include smoke detectors, alarm systems, motion detector lights, fax and answering machines. Central heating systems have a transformer in their thermostat circuit that stays on allof time. to achieve wireless (rechargeable) pay current equipment, even after their batteries fully. If in doubt, consult the device. If it is warm, that indicates wasted energy. How many phantom loads or idling, do you have?
There are several ways to deal with phantom loads and low to make:
You can avoid the selection device you.
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